Necessary problems in re-emergence of COVID-19

re-emergence of glander in iran

glanders, caused by infection with the bacterium burkholderia mallei is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease of solipeds. it is an old disease, described as early as 400 bc by hippocrates and 330 bc by aristotlein the past, b. mallei was an important equine pathogen worldwide. its spread was facilitated by the use and transport of horses, especially when animals were housed unde...

Tularemia: emergence/re-emergence.

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative coccobacillus and the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. First described in 1911 in Tulare County, California, it has since been reported throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with natural infections reported among an unusually wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. In recent years, tularemia has emerged in new geographic locations, ...

The Re-Emergence of Emergence,

Despite its current popularity, “emergence” is a concept with a venerable history and an elusive, ambiguous standing in contemporary evolutionary theory. This chapter briefly recounts the history of the term and details some of its current usages. Not only are there radically varying interpretations about how to define emergence but “reductionist” and “holistic” theorists hold very different vi...

Psychosocial Problems During the COVID-19 Epidemic Crisis

Vitamin D and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19); Is Deficiency and Maintenance Supplementation Therapy Necessary?

Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin with a well-known general metabolism and actions in bone structure and immune system regulation. Vitamin D exhibits direct antimicrobial activities against a spectrum of microbes, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, as well as fungi. An observational study showed that concentrations of 38 ng/ml or more were ...